ABSTRACT. Precipitation data were collected on a daily time-scale from the C-1 climate station (3018 m) since 1952. Over time various circumstances have led to days with missing values. These values were estimated from nearby climate stations.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. precipitation

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, precipitation

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ABSTRACT. Temperature data were collected on a daily time-scale from the C-1 climate station (3018 m) since 1952. Over time various circumstances have led to days with missing values. These values were estimated from redundant sensors and nearby climate stations and using various methodolgy. Greenland 1987 was a basis for methodology however when not possible to use this methodolgy, new methods were developed.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, mean air temperature

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature

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ABSTRACT. Precipitation data were collected on a daily time-scale from the Saddle climate station (3525 m) since 1981. Over time, various circumstances have led to days with missing values. These values were estimated from nearby climate stations.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. precipitation

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, precipitation

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ABSTRACT. Temperature data were collected on a daily time-scale from the Saddle climate station (3525 m) since 1981. Over time, various circumstances have led to days with missing values. These values were estimated from redundant sensors and nearby climate stations and using various methodolgy. Greenland 1987 was a basis for methodology however when not possible to use this methodolgy, new methods were developed.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, mean air temperature

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature

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ABSTRACT. Precipitation data were collected on a daily time-scale from the D-1 climate station (3743 m) since 1952. Over time, various circumstances have led to days with missing values. These values were estimated from nearby climate stations.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. precipitation

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, precipitation

Click here for the entire metadata/data file.

ABSTRACT. Temperature data were collected on a daily time-scale from the D-1 climate station (3743 m) since 1952. Over time, various circumstances have led to days with missing values. These values were estimated from redundant sensors and nearby climate stations and using various methodolgy. Greenland 1987 was a basis for methodology however when not possible to use this methodolgy, new methods were developed.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, mean air temperature

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a ridgetop climate station east of Niwot Ridge (A-1 @ 2195 m) throughout the year using an Omnidata DP219 datapod. This instrument has a sample interval of 10 minutes and maximum and minimum values are instantaneously recorded. Averages are means of 144 values and totals are totals of 144 values. Parameters measured were evapotranspiration, solar radiation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and mean temperature.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, evapotranspiration, solar radiation.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a ridgetop climate station east of Niwot Ridge (A-1 @ 2195 m) throughout the year. Parameters measured were temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and precipitation. The station was initially instrumented with a thermohygrograph (regularly calibrated and checked with maximum and minimum thermometers and psychrometers), standard 8-inch precipitation gauge installed with the rim 1 m above ground, totalizing anemometer (approximately 0.7 m above the general level of tree crowns), and maximum and minimum soil thermometers at approximately 15 and 30 cm depth. A recording precipitation gauge was installed in 1965. The installation in the clearing was positioned so that the gauge rim subtended an angle of 45 degrees to the tree crowns although the most effective angle is 30 degrees according to Leaf (1962).

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation.

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ABSTRACT. Precipitation data were collected from a ridgetop climate station east of Niwot Ridge (A-1 @ 2195 m) throughout the year using chart recorders. Initially, instrumentation consisted of an 8-inch metal rain gauge with the receiving rim about 3 feet above the ground and measurements were made on an approximately weekly basis. More recently, instrumentation consisted of a Fergusson-type weighing rain gauge. Precipitation was caught in a bucket containing ethylene glycol (to melt snow) and light oil (to prevent evaporation). As the weight of the bucket increased, the pen moved up via a spring mechanism and recorded on a rotating chart. Precipitation was recorded on a continuous basis.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. precipitation, qualifying days.

KEYWORDS. precipitation, climate, weather, meteorology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Lowering of the snowpack surface by ablation (melt) was estimated on a biweekly to weekly basis in the Green Lakes Valley during the summer months. Poles were driven into the snowpack to form transects in several snow-accumulation areas (east face of Arikaree Peak, talus on the north side of Kiowa Peak, rock glacier/wetland between Green Lakes 4 and 5, Arikaree Glacier, Green Lakes 4 and 5, and the Martinelli basin). The height difference (cm) between the snow surface and the top of each pole was recorded. On the subsequent visit the new height difference was recorded and the pole was driven into the snow and the reset height was recorded. Poles in a given transect were relocated as necessary during the course of the season.

INVESTIGATOR. Nel Caine, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-5053/8642, cainen@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. ablation rate.

KEYWORDS. ablation rate, meltout, snowdepth, mean ablation, Meteorology and Climatology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Lowering of the snowpack surface by ablation (melt) was measured on a bimonthly basis within couloirs above the Green Lakes and Isabelle Valleys during the summer months. One-inch diameter PVC poles were driven into the snowpack to form vertical transects within each couloir. The height difference (cm) between the top of each pole and the snow surface was recorded. On the subsequent visit the new height difference was recorded and the pole driven into the snow and the reset height was recorded. Poles in a given transect were relocated as necessary during the course of the season.

INVESTIGATOR. Tom Davinroy, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-4815, tdavinro@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. ablation rate.

KEYWORDS. ablation rate, meltout, snowdepth, mean ablation, Meteorology and Climatology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Lowering of the snowpack surface by ablation (melt) was estimated on a biweekly to weekly basis in the Green Lakes Valley during the summer months. Poles were driven into the snowpack to form transects in several snow-accumulation areas (Arikaree Glacier, Green Lakes 4 and 5, and the Martinelli basin). The height difference (cm) between the snow surface and the top of each pole was recorded. On the subsequent visit the new height difference was recorded and the pole was driven into the snow and the reset height was recorded. Poles in a given transect were relocated as necessary during the course of the season.

INVESTIGATOR. Nel Caine, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-5053/8642, cainen@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. ablation rate

KEYWORDS. ablation rate, meltout, snowdepth, Meteorology and Climatology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Lowering of the snowpack surface by ablation (melt) was measured on a bimonthly basis within couloirs above the Green Lakes and Isabelle Valleys during the summer months. One-inch diameter PVC poles were driven into the snowpack to form vertical transects within each couloir. The height difference (cm) between the top of each pole and the snow surface was recorded. On the subsequent visit the new height difference was recorded and the pole driven into the snow and the reset height was recorded. Poles in a given transect were relocated as necessary during the course of the season.

INVESTIGATOR. Tom Davinroy, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-4815, tdavinro@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. ablation rate.

KEYWORDS. ablation rate, meltout, snowdepth, Meteorology and Climatology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from an upper Green Lakes Valley climate station (Arikaree Glacier) throughout the year using an Omnidata DP211 datapod. This instrument has a sample interval of 5 minutes and records averages of those 5-minute readings every 2 hours. Thus, daily totals represent totals of 288 values. Parameters measured were temperature (averages) and solar radiation (totals).

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, solar radiation.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a ridgetop climate station east of Niwot Ridge (B-1 @ 2591 m) throughout the year using an Omnidata DP219 datapod. This instrument has a sample interval of 10 minutes and maximum and minimum values are instantaneously recorded. Averages are means of 144 values and totals are totals of 144 values. Parameters measured were evapotranspiration, solar radiation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and mean temperature.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, evapotranspiration, solar radiation.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a ridgetop climate station east of Niwot Ridge (B-1 @ 2591 m) throughout the year. Parameters measured were temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and precipitation. The station was initially instrumented with a thermohygrograph (regularly calibrated and checked with maximum and minimum thermometers and psychrometers), standard 8-inch precipitation gauge installed with the rim 1 m above ground, totalizing anemometer (approximately 0.7 m above the general level of tree crowns), and maximum and minimum soil thermometers at approximately 15 and 30 cm depth. A recording precipitation gauge was installed in 1965. The installation in the clearing was positioned so that the gauge rim subtended an angle of 45 degrees to the tree crowns although the most effective angle is 30 degrees according to Leaf (1962).

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation.

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ABSTRACT. Precipitation data were collected from a ridgetop climate station east of Niwot Ridge (B-1 @ 2591 m) throughout the year using a chart recorder. Initially, instrumentation consisted of an 8-inch metal rain gauge with the receiving rim about 3 feet above the ground and measurements were made on an approximately weekly basis. More recently, instrumentation consisted of a Fergusson-type weighing rain gauge. Precipitation was caught in a bucket containing ethylene glycol (to melt snow) and light oil (to prevent evaporation). As the weight of the bucket increased, the pen moved up via a spring mechanism and recorded on a rotating chart. Precipitation was recorded on a continuous basis.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. precipitation, qualifying days

KEYWORDS. precipitation, climate, weather, meteorology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (C-1) throughout the year using a Campbell Instruments CR21X data logger. Maximum and minimum values are recorded instantaneously, with the sampling interval being 30 seconds, until 28 January 1999 at which time the sampling interval was changed to 2 seconds. Daily means and totals were calculated from 2880 individual measurements until 28 January 1999 and 43200 after that date. This instrument was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output. Parameters measured include solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind vector, and wind direction.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. maximum solar radiation, time of maximum solar radiation, total solar radiation, maximum temperature, time of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, time of minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum relative humidity, time of maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, time of minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, maximum barometric pressure, time of maximum barometric pressure, minimum barometric pressure, time of minimum barometric pressure, mean barometric pressure, maximum wind speed, minimum wind speed, scalar mean wind speed, vector mean wind speed, mean wind direction, standard deviation of mean wind direction.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (C-1) throughout the year using a Campbell Instruments CR23X data logger. Maximum and minimum values are recorded instantaneously, with the sampling interval being 5 seconds. Daily means and totals were calculated from 17,280 individual measurements. This instrument was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. total solar radiation, maximum temperature, time of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, time of minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum relative humidity, time of maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, time of minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, maximum barometric pressure, time of maximum barometric pressure, minimum barometric pressure, time of minimum barometric pressure, mean barometric pressure, maximum wind speed, time of maximum wind speed, minimum wind speed, time of minimum wind speed, total precip, snow depth, maximum soil temp, time of maximum soil temp, minimum soil temp, time of minimum soil temp, average soil temp, maximum soil volumetric moisture, time of maximum soil volumetric moisture, minimum soil volumetric moisture, time of minimum soil volumetric moisture, average soil volumetric moisture, scalar mean wind speed, vector mean wind speed, mean wind direction, standard deviation of mean wind direction.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, snow depth, soil temperature, soil moisture.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (C-1) throughout the year using an Omnidata DP211 datapod. This instrument has a sample interval of 5 minutes and records averages of those 5-minute readings every 2 hours. Thus, daily totals represent totals of 288 values. Parameters measured were temperature (averages) and solar radiation (totals).

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, solar radiation.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (C-1 @ 3018 m) throughout the year. Parameters measured were temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, barometric pressure, and wind speed. The station was initially instrumented with a thermohygrograph (regularly calibrated and checked with maximum and minimum thermometers and psychrometers), which was equipped with a Bourdon tube (to measure temperature) and a banjo- spread hair element (to measure relative humidity). The thermohygrograph was situated in a white, all wood, louvered Stevenson screen which is oriented with the door facing north. The station was initially instrumented with a standard 8-inch precipitation gauge installed with the rim 1 m above ground. A recording precipitation gauge was installed in 1962, with the installation in the clearing positioned so that the gauge rim subtended an angle of 45 degrees to the tree crowns although the most effective angle is 30 degrees according to Leaf (1962). Precipitation was caught in a bucket containing ethylene glycol (to melt snow) and light oil (to prevent evaporation). As the weight of the bucket increased, a pen moved up via a spring mechanism and recorded on a rotating chart. Solar radiation was recorded on a bimetalic strip mechanical actinometer. Ninety percent of solar radiation from 360 to 2000 nm was transmitted through the instrument's glass dome. Barometric pressure was recorded on a Friez microbarograph at the Mountain Research Station at 2880 m. The instrument was calibrated against a full-range mercurial, Fortin-type barometer. The station was initially instrumented with a totalizing anemometer (approximately 0.7 m above the general level of tree crowns). Wind speed (peak gust) was subsequently measured with a 3-cup, AC-generating anemometer that continuously recorded onto an Esterline Angus strip chart recorder. Wind direction was recorded as a pen position on a continuously recording strip chart. The thermohygrograph, rain gauge, actinometer, and microbarograph all used wind-up or battery-driven clock drives that rotated the recording chart on a right cylindrical drum with a fixed period between 24 h and 861 h depending on the gears used. These clock mechanisms were virtually identical and therefore completely interchangeable among the instruments.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, barometric pressure, wind speed.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (C-1 @ 3018 m) throughout the year. Parameters measured were temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, barometric pressure, wind speed, and run of wind. The station was instrumented with a thermohygrograph (regularly calibrated and checked with maximum and minimum thermometers and psychrometers), which was equipped with a Bourdon tube (to measure temperature) and a banjo-spread hair element (to measure relative humidity). The thermohygrograph was situated in a white, all wood, louvered Stevenson screen which was oriented with the door facing north. Solar radiation was recorded on a bimetalic strip mechanical actinometer. Ninety percent of solar radiation from 360 to 2000 nm was transmitted through the instrument's glass dome. Barometric pressure was recorded on a Friez microbarograph at the Mountain Research Station at 2880 m. The instrument was calibrated against a full-range mercurial, Fortin-type barometer. Wind speed (peak gust) was measured with a 3-cup, AC-generating anemometer that continuously recorded onto an Esterline Angus strip chart recorder. Average wind speed was calculated from the peak gust trace. Run of wind was measured with a Belford totalizing cup anenometer with a counter (at a height of approximately 3 meters above ground). The thermohygrograph, actinometer, and microbarograph all used wind-up or battery-driven clock drives that rotated the recording chart on a right cylindrical drum with a fixed period between 24 h and 861 h depending on the gears used. These clock mechanisms were virtually identical and therefore completely interchangeable among the instruments.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, barometric pressure, wind speed, run of wind.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, barometric pressure, wind speed.

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ABSTRACT. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) operates hundreds of Snotel sites throughout the western United States. One of these is on Niwot Ridge at C-1, located approximately 1.6 km, by road, from the University of Colorado Mountain Research Station at an approximate elevation of 3000 meters. The Snotel installations operate on the principle that the snowpack exerts pressure on liquid-filled stainless steel "pillows" that rest on the ground. Pressure transducers output a digital signal that is sent via radio telemetry to one of two receiving stations. The transducer output is calibrated by measuring snowpack depth and density on or about the 25th of each month from December through April. A Mt. Rose snow sampler was used to determine the depth and density of the snowpack at each of the "pillow's" four corners. These four values were averaged to determine the monthly snow water equivalent (SWE) in inches.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. snow depth, snow water equivalent.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, Snotel, snow water equivalent, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Precipitation and temperature were measured on a biweekly basis, during the summer months, within couloirs above the Green Lakes and Isabelle Valleys. Tru-Chek wedge shaped rain gauges were mounted on the south side of wooden stakes so that the orifice was approximately 52 cm above the surface. The water depth (mm) in the gauge was recorded. On subsequent visits the new water depth was recorded and the reset water depth was recorded. Gauges contained 3-4 mm of oil to retard evaporation, and were emptied (reset) when water depth exceeded 50 mm or when insect accumulations exceeded 10 mm. Taylor Instruments Min-Max thermometers were mounted approximately 50 cm above ground on the north side of the same stakes, sheltered by tin and plastic shields. The current time, current temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature were recorded. Minimum and maximum temperature markers were reset to the current temperature. Proximity to the surface and inadequate shielding resulted in anomalously high temperature readings, particularly on sunny days.

INVESTIGATOR. Tom Davinroy, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-4815, tdavinro@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. precipitation, temperature.

KEYWORDS. precipitation, temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, Meteorology and Climatology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (D-1) throughout the year using a Campbell Instruments CR21X data logger. Maximum and minimum values are recorded instantaneously, with the sampling interval being 30 seconds. Daily means and totals are calculated from 2880 individual measurements. This instrument was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output. Parameters measured include solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind vector, and wind direction. Solar radiation CR21X measurements were discontinued 10 August 1993.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. maximum solar radiation, time of maximum solar radiation, total solar radiation, maximum temperature, time of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, time of minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum relative humidity, time of maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, time of minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, maximum barometric pressure, time of maximum barometric pressure, minimum barometric pressure, time of minimum barometric pressure, mean barometric pressure, maximum wind speed, minimum wind speed, scalar mean wind speed, vector mean wind speed, mean wind direction, standard deviation of mean wind direction.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (D-1) throughout the year using a Campbell Instruments CR23X data logger. Maximum and minimum values are recorded instantaneously, with the sampling interval being 5 seconds. Daily means and totals were calculated from 17,280 individual measurements. This instrument was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. total solar radiation, maximum temperature, time of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, time of minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum relative humidity, time of maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, time of minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, maximum barometric pressure, time of maximum barometric pressure, minimum barometric pressure, time of minimum barometric pressure, mean barometric pressure, maximum wind speed, time of maximum wind speed, minimum wind speed, time of minimum wind speed, maximum soil temp, time of maximum soil temp, minimum soil temp, time of minimum soil temp, average soil temp, maximum soil volumetric moisture, time of maximum soil volumetric moisture, minimum soil volumetric moisture, time of minimum soil volumetric moisture, average soil volumetric moisture, scalar mean wind speed, vector mean wind speed, mean wind direction, standard deviation of mean wind direction.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction, soil temperature, soil moisture.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from an upper Niwot Ridge climate station (D-1) throughout the year using an Omnidata DP211 datapod. This instrument has a sample interval of 5 minutes and records averages of those 5-minute readings every 2 hours. Thus, daily totals represent totals of 288 values. Parameters measured were temperature (averages) and solar radiation (totals).

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, solar radiation.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (D-1 @ 3743 m) throughout the year. Parameters measured were temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, and wind speed. The station was initially instrumented with a thermohygrograph (regularly calibrated and checked with maximum and minimum thermometers and psychrometers), which was equipped with a Bourdon tube (to measure temperature) and a banjo-spread hair element (to measure relative humidity). The thermohygrograph was situated in a white, all wood, louvered Stevenson screen which is oriented with the door facing north. The station was initially instrumented with a standard 8-inch precipitation gauge installed with the rim 1 m above ground. This gauge was not shielded prior to October 1964. A recording precipitation gauge was installed in 1965. An Alter shield and snow fence were placed around the gauge to give more accurate precipitation measurements during windy conditions. Precipitation was caught in a bucket containing ethylene glycol (to melt snow) and light oil (to prevent evaporation). As the weight of the bucket increased, a pen moved up via a spring mechanism and recorded on a rotating chart. Solar radiation was recorded on a bimetalic strip mechanical actinometer. Ninety percent of solar radiation from 360 to 2000 nm was transmitted through the instrument's glass dome. The station was initially instrumented with a totalizing anemometer (2 m height). Wind speed (peak gust) was subsequently measured with a 3-cup, AC-generating anemometer that continuously recorded onto an Esterline Angus strip chart recorder. Wind direction was recorded as a pen position on a continuously recording strip chart. The thermohygrograph, rain gauge, and actinometer all used wind-up or battery-driven clock drives that rotated the recording chart on a right cylindrical drum with a fixed period between 24 h and 861 h depending on the gears used. These clock mechanisms were virtually identical and therefore completely interchangeable among the instruments.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, barometric pressure, wind speed.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (D-1 @ 3743 m) throughout the year. Parameters measured were temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed and run of wind. The station was instrumented with a thermohygrograph (regularly calibrated and checked with maximum and minimum thermometers and psychrometers), which was equipped with a Bourdon tube (to measure temperature) and a banjo-spread hair element (to measure relative humidity). The thermohygrograph was situated in a white, all wood, louvered Stevenson screen which was oriented with the door facing north. Solar radiation was recorded on a bimetalic strip mechanical actinometer. Ninety percent of solar radiation from 360 to 2000 nm was transmitted through the instrument's glass dome. Wind speed (peak gust) was measured with a 3-cup, AC-generating anemometer that continuously recorded onto an Esterline Angus strip chart recorder. Run of wind was measured with a Belford totalizing cup anenometer with a counter (at a height of approximately 3 meters above ground). Average wind speed was calculated from the peak gust trace. The thermohygrograph and actinometer both used wind-up or battery-driven clock drives that rotated the recording chart on a right cylindrical drum with a fixed period between 24 h and 861 h depending on the gears used. These clock mechanisms were virtually identical and therefore completely interchangeable among the instruments.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, run of wind.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, run of wind.

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ABSTRACT. The objective of this field campaign was to measure microclimatic variables within a mid-latitude alpine tundra zone during the growing season (June - August), and to relate those observations to ecosystem processes and landscape patterns. Microclimatic data were recorded using a Campbell CR21X micrologger on the east and west knolls of the Niwot Ridge Saddle grid. Five sites were chosen (2 of which were snow covered and the remaining 3 being snowfree tundra). Measurements were made at 60-second intervals and averaged on the half hour. These half-hourly data were subsequently averaged for the day. All meteorological instruments on the tower were oriented parallel to the surface at the tower location. The anemometer was located at the top of the meteorological station tower (i.e., 3 m above the surface). The air temperature and relative humidity probe were 2 m above the surface. The pyranometer used for the calculation of incoming solar radiation was 1.5 m above the surface. The pyranometer used for the calculation of outgoing solar radiation was 1.25 m above the surface. The net radiometer was situated between 0.75 and 1 m above the surface. The heat flux transducer was located 5 cm below the surface of the vegetation canopy. The soil temperature probe was located between 0 and 10 cm below the ground surface.

INVESTIGATOR. Claude Duguay, Laboratory for Earth Observation and Information Systems, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5, (613) 564-9942 DUGUAY@ACADVM1.UOTTAWA.CA.

VARIABLES. temperature, relative humidity, incoming solar radiation, outgoing solar radiation, heat flux, net radiation, soil temperature, wind speed, wind direction, standard deviation of the wind, wind vector.

KEYWORDS. climate, remote sensing, evapotranspiration, albedo, reflectance, energy balance, Meteorology and Climatology.

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ABSTRACT. Records were based on intermittent observation of the extent of ice cover on Silver Lake, Lake Albion, and Green Lakes 1-5, dependent on observers present for other reasons. Dates of freeze-up and lake-ice clearance were recorded, along with visual estimates of percent ice cover at various dates prior to complete meltout in spring.

INVESTIGATOR. Nel Caine, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-5053, cainen@colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. lake-ice clearance, lake-ice freeze-up, percent ice cover.

KEYWORDS. freeze-up, hydrology, lake-ice duration, meltout, spring melt, Meteorology and Climatology.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from an upper Green Lakes Valley climate station (Green Lake 4=D4) throughout the year using an Omnidata DP211 datapod. This instrument has a sample interval of 5 minutes and records averages of those 5-minute readings every 2 hours. Thus, daily totals represent totals of 288 values. Parameters measured were temperature and solar radiation.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, solar radiation.

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ABSTRACT. The objective of this field campaign was to measure microclimatic variables within a mid-latitude alpine tundra zone during the growing season (June - August), and to relate those observations to ecosystem processes and landscape patterns. Microclimatic data were recorded using a Campbell CR21X micrologger on the east and west knolls of the Niwot Ridge Saddle grid. Five sites were chosen (2 of which were snow covered and the remaining 3 being snowfree tundra). Measurements were made at 60-second intervals and averaged on the half hour. These half-hourly data were subsequently averaged for the day. All meteorological instruments on the tower were oriented parallel to the surface at the tower location. The anemometer was located at the top of the meteorological station tower (i.e., 3 m above the surface). The air temperature and relative humidity probe were 2 m above the surface. The pyranometer used for the calculation of incoming solar radiation was 1.5 m above the surface. The pyranometer used for the calculation of outgoing solar radiation was 1.25 m above the surface. The net radiometer was situated between 0.75 and 1 m above the surface. The heat flux transducer was located 5 cm below the surface of the vegetation canopy. The soil temperature probe was located between 0 and 10 cm below the ground surface.

INVESTIGATOR. Claude Duguay, Laboratory for Earth Observation and Information Systems, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5, (613) 564-9942 DUGUAY@ACADVM1.UOTTAWA.CA.

VARIABLES. temperature, relative humidity, incoming solar radiation, outgoing solar radiation, heat flux, net radiation, soil temperature, wind speed, wind direction, standard deviation of the wind, wind vector.

KEYWORDS. climate, remote sensing, evapotranspiration, albedo, reflectance, energy balance, Meteorology and Climatology.

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ABSTRACT. The depth of snow was measured at 88 points on the Saddle grid. The 500 x 350 m study area (17.5 ha) consisted of a grid of 8 rows of stakes in an east/west direction and 11 rows of stakes in a north/south direction (for a total of 88 stakes). The stakes were located 50 m apart. Each stake was given a point identification number starting with 1 in the southwest corner and progressing in an easterly direction for each of the east/west rows so that if head of this file represented the north compass point and the tail represented the south compass point, then the grid would look like this: 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 801(=80A) 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 701(=70A) 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 601(=60A) 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 501(=50A) 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 401(=40A) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 301(=30A) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 201(=20A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 101(=10A) Note that stakes along the east boundary of the grid, i.e. those ending with the "A", were given new designations in order to facilitate incorportation of the data into the Saddle GIS. Snow depths at each of the stakes were recorded on a weekly to biweekly basis throughout the period during which snow accumu- lation existed on the Saddle.

INVESTIGATOR. Donald A. (Skip) Walker, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 311 Irving, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, (907)474-2460, ffdaw@uaf.edu.

VARIABLES. snow depth.

KEYWORDS. snow depth, snowpack, snow accumulation, Saddle grid, GIS, snowmelt, Meteorology and Climatology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. The depth of snow was measured at 88 points on the Saddle grid. Depths were measured form fixed extendable poles on the western or accumulation portion of the 350 x 500 m grid, while depths were measured by probing on the eastern portion. Measurements during winter months varied from every 2 weeks to about monthly depending on weather conditions. Measurements during the summer were approximately weekly until all snow disappeared or snow accumulation began for the next winter. Meltout date can be determined from the last date snow was present at a grid point. The area of the study was 19.7 ha.

INVESTIGATOR. Jim Halfpenny, P.O. Box 989, 300 Scott, Gardiner, MT, 59030, (406) 848-9458.

VARIABLES. date, snow depth.

KEYWORDS. snow, snowpack, climate, snowmelt, Meteorology and Climatology, hydrology.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (Saddle) throughout the year using a Campbell Instruments CR21X data logger. Maximum and minimum values are recorded instantaneously, with the sampling interval being 30 seconds, until 4 February 1991 at which time the sampling interval was changed to 2 seconds. Daily means and totals were calculated from 2880 individual measurements until 4 February 1991 and 43200 after that date. This instrument was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output. Parameters measured include solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind vector, and wind direction.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. maximum solar radiation, time of maximum solar radiation, total solar radiation, maximum temperature, time of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, time of minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum relative humidity, time of maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, time of minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, maximum barometric pressure, time of maximum barometric pressure, minimum barometric pressure, time of minimum barometric pressure, mean barometric pressure, maximum wind speed, minimum wind speed, scalar mean wind speed, vector mean wind speed, mean wind direction, standard deviation of mean wind direction.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (Saddle) throughout the year using a Campbell Instruments CR23X data logger. Maximum and minimum values are recorded instantaneously, with the sampling interval being 5 seconds. Daily means and totals were calculated from 17,280 individual measurements. This instrument was programmed to generate both hourly and daily output.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. total solar radiation, maximum temperature, time of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, time of minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum relative humidity, time of maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, time of minimum relative humidity, mean relative humidity, maximum barometric pressure, time of maximum barometric pressure, minimum barometric pressure, time of minimum barometric pressure, mean barometric pressure, maximum wind speed, time of maximum wind speed, minimum wind speed, time of minimum wind speed, maximum UVB, time of maximum UVB, maximum soil temp, time of maximum soil temp, minimum soil temp, time of minimum soil temp, average soil temp, maximum soil volumetric moisture, time of maximum soil volumetric moisture, minimum soil volumetric moisture, time of minimum soil volumetric moisture, average soil volumetric moisture, average NADP, scalar mean wind speed, vector mean wind speed, mean wind direction, standard deviation of mean wind direction.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed, wind direction, UVB, soil temperature, soil moisture, NADP.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (Saddle) throughout the year using an Omnidata DP211 datapod. This instrument has a sample interval of 5 minutes and records averages of those 5-minute readings every 2 hours. Thus, daily totals represent totals of 288 values. Parameters measured were temperature (averages) and solar radiation (totals).

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, solar radiation.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, solar radiation.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (Saddle @ 3525 m) throughout the year. Parameters measured were temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, and wind speed. The station was instrumented with a thermohygrograph (regularly calibrated and checked with maximum and minimum thermometers and psychrometers), which was equipped with a Bourdon tube (to measure temperature) and a banjo-spread hair element (to measure relative humidity). The thermohygrograph was situated in a white, all wood, louvered Stevenson screen which is oriented with the door facing north. The station was instrumented with a recording precipitation gauge. Precipitation was caught in a bucket containing ethylene glycol (to melt snow) and light oil (to prevent evaporation). As the weight of the bucket increased, a pen moved up via a spring mechanism and recorded on a rotating chart. A snow fence was placed around the gauge to give more accurate precipitation measurements during windy conditions. Solar radiation was recorded on a bimetalic strip mechanical actinometer. Ninety percent of solar radiation from 360 to 2000 nm was transmitted through the instrument's glass dome. Wind speed (peak gust) was measured with a 3-cup, AC-generating anemometer that continuously recorded onto an Esterline Angus strip chart recorder. Wind direction was recorded as a pen position on a continuously recording strip chart. The thermohygrograph, rain gauge, and actinometer all used wind-up or battery-driven clock drives that rotated the recording chart on a right cylindrical drum with a fixed period between 24 h and 861 h depending on the gears used. These clock mechanisms were virtually identical and therefore completely interchangeable among the instruments.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, wind speed.

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ABSTRACT. Climatological data were collected from a Niwot Ridge climate station (Saddle @ 3525 m) throughout the year. Parameters measured were temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and run of wind. The station was instrumented with a thermohygrograph (regularly calibrated and checked with maximum and minimum thermometers and psychrometers), which was equipped with a Bourdon tube (to measure temperature) and a banjo-spread hair element (to measure relative humidity). The thermohygrograph was situated in a white, all wood, louvered Stevenson screen which was oriented with the door facing north. Solar radiation was recorded on a bimetalic strip mechanical actinometer. Ninety percent of solar radiation from 360 to 2000 nm was transmitted through the instrument's glass dome. Wind speed (peak gust) was measured near T-Van (3440 m), at a location approximately 400 m south of the Saddle climate station, with a 3-cup, AC-generating anemometer that continuously recorded onto an Esterline Angus strip chart recorder. Run of wind was measured with a Belford totalizing cup anenometer with a counter (at a height of approximately 3 meters above ground) and was located near T-Van as well. Average wind speed was calculated from the peak gust trace. The thermohygrograph, and actinometer both used wind-up or battery-driven clock drives that rotated the recording chart on a right cylindrical drum with a fixed period between 24 h and 861 h depending on the gears used. These clock mechanisms were virtually identical and therefore completely interchangeable among the instruments.

INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, run of wind.

KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, run of wind.

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ABSTRACT. Trace gas samples were collected from 3 alpine tundra vegetation community types (dry meadow, moist meadow, wet meadow) on Niwot Ridge during the summer months of 1992 and 1993. In addition, samples were collected from a set of control and nitrogen amended plots in both dry and wet meadow community types. Soil temperatures were measured in conjunction with the trace gas sampling.

INVESTIGATOR. Steven K. Schmidt, EPOB, CB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, (303) 492-6248, schmidts@spot.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. soil temperature.

KEYWORDS. soil temperature, soil microenvironment, microclimate, Meteorology and Climatology.

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ABSTRACT. Growing season soil temperatures (typically at 2 depths in a given location) were measured (1) to quantify the soil temperature environment across the landscape mosaic of alpine tundra, and (2) to compare temperatures between tundra and adjacent krummholz vegetation. Measurements were made at sites differing in aspect (south-facing and north-facing) and moisture conditions (dry, mesic, and wet). In addition, soil temperature was measured at a site characterized by persistent snow cover, as well as at sites within and adjacent to a krummholz patch. Data are presently collected using an Omnidata DP212 datapod.

INVESTIGATOR. Tim Seastedt, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, (303) 492-3302 or (303) 492-0434, tims@culter.colorado.edu.

VARIABLES. temperature probe depth, maximum soil temperature, minimum soil temperature, mean soil temperature.

KEYWORDS. soil temperature, alpine, krummholz, Meteorology and Climatology.

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