- Winter Ecology -
A Field Course at CU's Mountain Research Station
EBIO 4100, Sec 570

Spring 2010 - Now 3 Credits

Meets ENVS’s field requirement – Meets EBIO’s 4000 requirement 

_________________________

6 Weeks -- Thurs 28 Jan* - Sat 6 Mar 2010

At the Mountain Research Station – Field classes 5 weekends

 On Boulder campus – Lecture once a week / 5 weeks – 
day, time TBD: *Tentatively Thursdays - See Annoucements Below

Mid-course break – a weekend for individual field projects


Course Description

Course Specifics & Registration

Instructor's Goals

Words from Previous Years' Students

Health Matters & Required Personal Equipment

Syllabus


Acknowledgements

Photo Gallery:  2005, 2006, 2008 Collage, 2009 Collage,
ANNOUNCEMENTS:

11 Nov 09 - SIS Registration.  Registration also required through MRS course site.

Starting Thurs 12 Nov 09, EBIO 4100 570 will be available for registration on SIS.  However, registration here does not assure your enrollment.

You must first sign up on the Mountain Research Station registration site and pay the deposit before you will be counted as having a place in the course.  Enrollment is limited.

See  Course Specifics for other details regarding registration


6 Nov 09 - Your input re Weekday Boulder Campus Meeting Time

We would like feedback from students registered for the course, on what day and time works best for the five on-campus, Boulder meetings.  We are thinking about Thursday or Friday afternoons as the material would be fresh for the weekend.  As an example, how would Thursday afternoons at 4:30, 5:00, 5:30, or 6:00 work?  Campus meetings are for 1 hour.

Kindly respond after giving it some thought and include three options, with priorities, for times that would work with your schedule.  Thanks so much.

Kelly Scott Matheson
MRS Assistant Station Manager
Kelly.Matheson@Colorado.EDU


See  Course Specifics for other details regarding schedule.


 Current Weather & Forecasts

 By way of illustration -- Schedule for 2009 (2 credit course): | DETAILED WEEKLY SCHEDULES AND READINGS: WEEK 1 |  WEEK2 | WEEK 3 | WEEK 4 | WEEK 5
Course Description

Wintertime offers insights into the natural history of organisms and function of ecosystems that are not often appreciated in summer visits to the field.  Winter Ecology is a survey of physical and biological processes and their interaction in wintertime snow-covered environments.  Through classwork, fieldwork, and individual projects, we will focus on the dynamics of high-elevation ecosystems in the western US.  Based from the CU Mountain Research Station's new year-round Moores-Collins Science Lodge, we will spend 5 weekends exploring the ecology of upper montane, subalpine, and alpine landscapes in winter. We will study plant, vertebrate, and microbial adaptations to winter and the dynamics of terrestrial, aquatic, and snowpack environments.  We will consider how winter processes play a role in “growing season” dynamics, shape landscapes, and are important factors in conservation and management of natural resources of the Rocky Mountains.

Course Specifics
Course Description
Instructor
Location (also: Getting There)
Dates & Times
Registration
Costs
   Financial Aid Questions
Course Format
Prerequisites
Texts
Grading
   Projects
University Course Policies
 Pre-course Organizational Meeting- x Jan 2010 @ 5.15pm, RL-1 Room 233 - see link (updated 1/16/09)
Getting There
Course Flyer (downloads)
Instructor's Goals
Words from Previous Years' Students
Health Matters
Required Personal Equipment (What To Bring)
Syllabus Also: 
DETAILED WEEKLY SCHEDULES & READINGS
- WEEK1 | WEEK2 | WEEK 3 |  WEEK 4 (Individual Projects) | WEEK 5 | WEEK 6

Instructor: Dr. Timothy Kittel, INSTAAR Location: Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder – Dates & Times:
  • 5 weekends in the field: Sat 30 Jan - Sun 14 Feb / Sat 27 Feb - Sat 6 Mar 2010
    • Ends 2 weeks before Spring Break (22-26 March 2010)
    • One weekend break midway through for individual field research projects - Sat 20 - Sun 21 Feb 2010
    • Saturday – 8:30a-5:00p and 7:30-8:30p
    • Sunday – 8:30a-5:00p
  • One weekday lecture meeting per week, during weeks prior to field weekends 
    • Lectures (1hr/week)- background for the coming weekend's field exercises
    • Day & time to be determined during pre-course orientation meeting (to best accomodate student class schedules)
Moores-Collins Science Lodge, 
Mountain Research Station
 

(photo: Alan Rosacker, Winter Ecology 2005)
 
Course Registration
 
  • Credits: 3

    •     - EBIO 4100, Sec 570
        - Open to students from all colleges and universities
     
  • Tuition & Fees:  $1375.

    •     - includes lodging
        - no additional tuition for out-of-state
        - meals to be arranged separately (see pre-course organizational meeting)
        - sorry, no pets
     
  • Registration 
    • Starting Thurs 12 Nov 09, EBIO 4100 570 will be available for registration on SIS.
      • However, registration here does not assure your enrollment.
    • You must first sign up on the Mountain Research Station registration site and pay the deposit before you will be counted as having a place in the course.
      • See the MRS registration site for general information and to register online
      • Register by phone 303 492-8842
    • Enrollment is limited to 15.
  • Final Registration (with balance of tuition payment due) –
  • Final registration will be held in during the pre-course organizational meeting during the week prior to the first day of class at INSTAAR.
  • Financial Aid -
    • While MRS does not offer financial aid for its courses –
    • If you have financial aid through CU, you can use it to cover for course costs.  Contact the Station to make necessary arrangements (email mrs@colorado.edu, phone 303 492-8842).
    • If you are at another institution, please check with your financial aid office. 

    Textbooks

    Required texts: 

    • Winter.  An Ecological Handbook, by J.C. Halfpenny and R.D. Ozanne.  1989. Johnson Books (Boulder, CO). ~$17. 
      • ISBN 1-55566-036-3
    • Life in the Cold.  An Introduction to Winter Ecology, by Peter Marchand.  3rd ed. 1996.  University Press of New England. ~$23.
      • ISBN 0-87451-785-0


      Both will be available at -

      • Boulder Bookstore, downtown -- Lower Level (basement), West Room (Course section: under course name). Note: They offer a 10% discount on texts. 
      • CU Bookstore, UMC


      And on Reserve at -

      • Norlin Library - 2 copies each
        • Halfpenny: QB637.8 .H35 1989
        • Marchand: QH543.2 .M37 1996
      • INSTAAR Information Center (2nd floor RL-1) - 1 copy each
     Outside reading: 
    • Winter World. The Ingenuity of Animal Survival, by Bernd Heinrich. 2003 (Ecco paperback edition 2004).  HarperCollins.  ~$25. (Publisher is currently out of stock.)
    • Autumn.  A Season of Change, by Peter Marchand.  2000.  University Press of New England.
    Note there are readings assigned for both days of the first weekend (see Week 1 readings)
     
    “The instruction we find in books is like fire. We fetch it from our neighbours, kindle it at home, communicate it to others, and it becomes the property of all.” 
    - Voltaire

    Getting There:
     
  • Directions to the MRS from Boulder:  Map – pdf file (60k) 

    •  
  • To find the Lodge: 
    • When you arrive at the Station, there's a broad Y in the road.  To the right, you'll see the Marr Research Lab.  Instead go to the left - this fork, going uphill, is the road to the Lodge. 
    • After a short bit, you'll come into a parking are and see two main buildings on the uphill side on your right.  The rightmost of these buildings is the new Lodge and next to it the older Dining Hall. 
    • Park in front of or directly across from the Dining Hall.  Please do not block the access road in front of the Lodge.  The parking area may be icey, so be careful exiting your car.

    Winter trek - 1950/60's?.  Photo source: Jim Snow.  Source & copyright notice
    		 Course Format

    MRS field courses –

    • MRS field courses are designed to provide students a hands on field research experience. 
    • Each course emphasizes informal interaction with the instructors and fellow students. 
    • Course credit is readily transferable to other institutions. 
    Winter Ecology –

    Grading
  • Evaluation is based on:   Field exercises,  Individual project,  Lab & field final exam, Participation, and  Field journal.
  • Grading breakdown: 
  • Due to scheduling constraints, there'll be no opportunity to make-up parts of the course including the exam
  • Final grades assigned as follows: A 90-100%, B 80-89%, C 70-79%,  D 50-69%,  F <50% 

    • (photo: Alan Rosacker, Winter Ecology 2005)

    Pre-course Organizational Meeting: Registration, Dinners & Carpooling 

    In the first week of Spring Semester classes, there'll be a pre-course organizational meeting for course registration (final payment due) and to discuss arrangements for group meals, carpooling to the Lab, equipment, etc.
     

  • Time: TBD xx Jan 10, 5:15-6:00 pm
  • Place:  INSTAAR, East Campus - Rm 233, Building RL-1 (=Litman Lab).  This is the Mort Turner Seminar Room in the NE corner 2nd floor of RL-1
  • RL-1 is located on the corner of 30th & Marine (nr Arapahoe) - across 30th from Scott Carpenter Pool.  Map [RL-1 is the building marked '71']
  • Buses: Both the Stampede and the Bound stop in front of INSTAAR on 30th.  The Leap's nearest stop is 30th and Arapahoe. RTD link

    • _______________________________
    Agenda:
    - Course Registration.  Final payment due.  Please bring the balance of what you owe for the class, it is $800 for everyone.  We do not accept credit/debit cards.  Checks made out ahead of time should be to 'The University of Colorado.' 
    - Food. The Lodge has a fully equipped kitchen, but is relatively small.  To minimize the chaos and to be sure we're done with dinner before the evening program starts, I suggest we prepare Saturday dinners together.  We need to talk about how we'd like to organize this and if anyone has special dietary needs (e.g., vegetarian, etc.).
    - Carpool.  Most folks will be coming from the Boulder area, so we can explore carpooling possibilities at the meeting.  Related to this -- the last bit of road uphill to the Station can at times be slick with icey, packed snow, presenting problems for some cars.  This is handled easily by cars with 4-wheel/all-wheel drive.
    - Equipment - bring your equipment questions.  A personal field equipment list is on the webpage >>link.

    Other Logistics:
     

  • See information on Health matters and Personal equipment in preparation for the class's field work. 
  • Also see other sections in 'What to bring' for information on what's needed for staying at the Lodge, food, and computer facilities.

    • CU Winter Ecology with John Marr, 1946.  Photo source: Joyce Gelhorn.  Source & copyright notice

     

    For more information email Tim Kittel at kittel@colorado.edu

    Download course flyer – pdf file (160k)
    Download mini-slideshow – ppt file (7M)
     

    Instructor's Goal
     
    “A personal goal for me, as an instructor, [is] to foster familiarity with the nature of science.  There are many facets to understanding the world of science.  One is experiencing the process of accumulation and evaluation of scientific understanding – how do new ideas arise and how are they tested?  Another is developing the ability for independent thought, to be able to generate innovative ideas and [to] critically assess the results of others.  And finally, gaining what is often called a ‘sense of place,’ which is to say in this context, to start on the road to develop an intuitive, personal sense of how natural systems work.” 

                  – T. Kittel (Center for Environmental Research & Conservation Notes, Fall 2000, Columbia University, NY)

    Words from Previous Years' Students to Incoming Students
    – from 2005 & 2006 Student Course Evaluations
     
    Limnological field data collection, Gold Lake, CO. 
    Winter Ecology 2005 (photo: Alan Rosacker) 
    • “The Winter Ecology Field Course at CU Boulder's Mountain Research Station is like no other ecology course. Covering a wide range of topics, from climate to small mammals’ winter ways to plant distribution, it was a wonderful way to experience winter research conditions and a great introduction to ecology, from a winter perspective.  I would say prepare to work hard, and say ‘I didn't know that!’ a lot.”  (Spring 2005)
    • “There are few ways to get the hands on experiences a field course provides.”  (Sp 2005)
    • “The field exercises were great!  Everyone should take a course like this.”  (Sp 2006)
    • “Outside time was fantastic.  Being able to talk about a subject and then go study/observe was crucial.  ¶ Great course.  This was one of the best courses I've had at this university.  Field courses are great and should be required for all physical geography students.”  (Spring 2005)
    • “Expect to learn new things with fun people.  I thought this class was great.  Out of [my field courses], this was definitely my favorite field class.  ...  All of the guest speakers and teachers were awesome.  A really great experience!”  (Spring 2005)
    • “The format was great – mixing lecture, field, guest lectures, etc.”  (Spring 2005)
    Health Matters
    Most fieldwork will be in high elevation, snow-covered, and/or wind-blown areas.  Students must come prepared to do wintertime fieldwork under such conditions (see Required Equipment).  Participants need to be in good health and physical condition and aware of the physical stress of being out in high-elevation wintertime environments, including low oxygen, high exertion, and cold temperatures – those with respiratory or heart conditions are advised to consult their physician before enrolling.


    Required Personal Equipment
     
    Equipment required for field work includes, in the minimum:
    • Backcountry skis (telemark or touring) with climbing skins, or snowshoes (with sufficient floatation on unpacked snow and grip on packed/icy surfaces)
    • Extreme cold weather clothing and boots - sufficient to stay warm while standing about for substantial periods (e.g. 1 hr),
    • Ski goggles, skiing face mask or balaclava, day pack, ...
    Go to WHAT TO BRING! for a full listing of required and suggested equipment - (updated 1/30/09)

    Syllabus
    University Course Policies
    (Schedules etc. subject to modification)

    By Week:

    Draft 2010 SYLLABUS: WEEK 1 | WEEK 2 | WEEK 3 | WEEK 4 (Individual Projects) | WEEK 5 | WEEK 6
    for 2009: DETAILED WEEKLY SCHEDULES & READINGS:WEEK1 | WEEK2 | WEEK 3 |  WEEK 4 (Individual Projects) | WEEK 5 | WEEK 6
    By Topic:
    Physical Setting
    Avalanche Dynamics - guest lecture
    Snowpack & Climate

    Soil Processes
    Mammal Adaptions to Winter - guest lecture
    Winter Ornithology

    Winter Limnology
    Microbial Stream Ecology, Antarctica - guest lecture
    Winter Mammalogy

    Vegetation
    Landscape Ecosystem Processes - guest lecture
     
     

    		 By Project Assignment: See also Project Deadlines Quick Reference
    Initial Idea
    Proposal and Key References due
    Draft write-up due
    Oral Presentations

     Draft Schedule
    First week of Spring Classes:  Date/Time TBD –Pre-course Organizational Meeting: Registration, Dinners & Carpooling

    Week I

    Weekday lecture

    • Physical and Social Setting – Rocky Mountains physiography · Front Range geologic setting · Front Range socioeconomic context (regional urban centers, local development, traditional use, recreation). 
    • Winter Climate and Snow Processes  – Mountain winter climates (light, thermal, moisture, wind regimes) · Dynamics of mid-latitude winter storms · Snowpack development, analysis of snow profiles · Deposition patterns and ecology · Avalanches and disturbance ecology. 


    Saturday – 30 January 2010 (Schedule, Readings, & More Links)

    Arrive ·  Check-in · Welcome: Dr. Tim Kittel, Instructor: Introductions · Site logistics: MRS Station Manager  · Course overview · Safety · Walk-about: Introduction to the Mountain Research Station (MRS)

    Lecture/Field:
    Physical and Social Setting –  Hike: Introduction to Niwot Ridge and vicinity. Evening Guest Lecture:
    - Avalanche Dynamics and Safety – Ben Pritchett, Colorado Avalanche Information Center (CAIC)
  • Related links: CAIC
    		•

    Sunday – 31 Jan 10 (Schedule, Readings, & More Links)

    Lecture/Field: 
    Winter Climate and Snow Processes  – Snowpack development, analysis of snow profiles · Deposition patterns and ecology
    – Guest field instructor: Kurt Chowanski, MRS, CU

     Individual projects:
    Initial Ideas due - one sentence
    Snow redistribution, Niwot Ridge


    Snowpack analysis. 
    Winter Ecology 2005. (photo: Alan Rosacker) 

    Tundra soil profile, showing high root:shoot ratio.  Green Lakes Valley, Niwot LTER.


    White-Tailed Ptarmigan
    Lagopus leucurus,Niwot Ridge
    (source: W. Bowman

    		 Week II 

    Weekday lecture
    • Winter Soil Ecology – Soil fauna/flora biodiversity · Biogeochemical cycles · Snow chemistry and atmospheric deposition
    • Winter Ornithology  – Winter adaptations of birds and their ecology
    Individual projects deadline:
    Proposals and key refences due  (Proposal Guidelines)
    Saturday – 6 Feb (Schedule, Readings, & More Links)

    Lecture/Field: 
    Winter Soil Ecology – Soil fauna/flora biodiversity · Biogeochemical cycles · Snow chemistry and atmospheric deposition. – Guest field instructors: Allen Meyer & Ken Wilson, Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, CU
     

    Evening Guest Lecture:
    Mammal Adaptations to Winter – Jessica Healy, Colorado State University


    Snowshoe Hare 
    (Lepus americanus)

    Sunday – 7 Feb (Schedule, Readings, & More Links)
     

    Lecture/Field:
    Winter Ornithology  – Winter adaptations of birds and their ecology – Guest field instructor: Arvind Panjabi, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 


    Alpine Snow Mold - (Allen Meyer, CU)

    Soil CO2 flux analyzer, lodgepole pine 
    forest, MRS.  Winter Ecology 2005. 
    (photo: Alan Rosacker)





























    Woodpecker
    (photo used with permission. © Gerry Buckel http://www.flickr.com/photos/91515698@N00/3106601571/)
     

    Mid-winter active stream, MRS. Winter Ecology 2005 (photo: Alan Rosacker)
     
     
     
     
     
     
     


    Northern Pocket Gopher (Thomomys talpoides) subnivean tubes  (source: Niwot LTER)

    		 Week III

    Weekday lecture

    • Aquatic Systems in Winter– Winter stream ecology · Winter limnology · Seasonal dynamics in inputs (snowmelt), nutrients, and light
    • Winter Mammalogy  – Winter adaptations (morphological, physiological, behavioral) of mammals 

    Saturday – 13 Feb (Schedule, Readings, & Links)

    Lecture/Field: 
    Aquatic Systems in Winter– Winter stream ecology · Winter limnology · Seasonal dynamics in inputs (snowmelt), nutrients, and light  – Guest field instructor: Dr. Sarah Spaulding, US Geological Survey, Denver and INSTAAR, CU 

    Resources: Winter Limnology of 3 Colorado Mtn Lakes (pdf, 3M), The Ecology of Alpine Streams (pdf, 220k)
    Evening Guest Lecture: 
    Ecology of Other Cold Biomes: Stream Ecosystems of the McMurdo Dry Valleys  – Dr. Diane McKnight, INSTAAR, CU

    Sunday – 14 Feb (Schedule, Readings, & Links)
    Individual projects: Lecture/Field: 
    Winter Mammalogy  – Winter adaptations (morphological, physiological, behavioral) of mammals – Derek Sweeney

    Drilling through the ice in prep for vertical profiling Gold Lake, CO. Winter Ecology 2005 (photo: Alan Rosacker)



      Lake Bonney.  Taylor Dry Valley Lakes,
                      Antarctica.  (source: J. Priscu, Montana State)
     
    Week IV - Individual Projects

    Sat/Sun 20-21 Feb 10 - Field time for individual research projects

    • No weekday lecture or weekend class meetings at MRS
    • Students are expected to have field data collected Sun 21 Feb and ready for analysis by next class meeting



    Krummholz vegetation, Niwot Ridge
     

    Ribbon Forests, Niwot Mountain 
    (photo: G. Kittel)    		 Week V

    Weekday lecture

    • Vegetation Winter Ecology – Front Range plant associations · Landscape patterns (effects of altitude, aspect, substrate, freeze/thaw, snow deposition) · Wintertime plant id · Plant ecophysiology (adaptations to winter by lifeform - e.g., deciduous vs. evergreen strategies)
    • Invertebrate Winter Ecology

    Saturday – 27 Feb (Schedule, Readings, & Links)

    Lecture/Field:
    Vegetation Winter Ecology – Front Range plant associations · Landscape patterns (effects of altitude, aspect, substrate, freeze/thaw, snow deposition) · Wintertime plant id · Plant ecophysiology (adaptations to winter by lifeform - e.g., deciduous vs. evergreen strategies). – Guest field instructor: Gwen Kittel, NatureServe, Western Resource Office, Boulder, CO

  • Related links:Niwot Ridge Vegetation, and Tundra Vegetation Communties (including Map)
  • Resources:  Ecosystem Descriptions (RMNPk), Aspen

    • Engleman Spruce, Spruce-Fir Forest, 
    Niwot Ridge Research Area  (photo: G. Kittel)
    Evening Guest Lecture:
    The Alpine-Subalpine Landscape Continuum – Dr. Tim Seastedt, Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & INSTAAR, CU
     
    Sunday – 28 Feb 10 (Schedule, Readings, & Links) 

    Final Exam: Lab & Field exam
     

    Lab:
    Invertebrate Winter Ecology – Winter activities of forest ‘pests’ and other terrestrial invertebrates.

    Week VI
    Saturday – 6 March (Schedule and Links)

    Individual projects –
    Oral presentations  (Presentation Guidelines)

    Turn in Field Journals
    Student Course Evaluations:  CU 'FCQ' form & Winter Ecology Feedback Questionnaire [doc, 60k]
     

    Evening program: 

    • Farewell dinner - Movie night, TBA
     
    Other Related CU Links
    University Course Policies –

    In and Out of Classroom Behavior

    Students and faculty each have responsibility for maintaining an appropriate learning environment.  Students who fail to adhere to behavioral standards may be subject to discipline.  Faculty have the professional responsibility to treat students with understanding, dignity and respect, to guide classroom discussion and to set reasonable limits on the manner in which students express opinions.  See policies at <http://www.colorado.edu/policies/classbehavior.html> and at <http://www.colorado.edu/studentaffairs/judicialaffairs/code.html#student_code>.

    Professional courtesy and sensitivity are especially important with respect to individuals and topics dealing with differences of race, culture, religion, politics, sexual orientation, gender, gender variance, and nationalities.  Class rosters are provided to the instructor with the
    student's legal name. I will gladly honor your request to address you by an alternate name or gender pronoun. Please advise me of this preference early in the semester so that I may make appropriate changes to my records.

    Discrimination and Harassment

    The University of Colorado at Boulder policy on Discrimination and Harassment, the University of Colorado policy on Sexual Harassment, and the University of Colorado policy on Amorous Relationships apply to all students, staff and faculty.  Any student, staff or faculty member who believes s/he has been the subject of discrimination or harassment based upon race, color, national origin, sex, age, disability, religion, sexual orientation, or veteran status should contact the Office of Discrimination and Harassment (ODH) at 303-492-2127 or the Office of Judicial Affairs at 303-492-5550.  Information about the ODH, the above referenced policies and the campus resources available to assist individuals regarding discrimination or harassment can be obtained at: <http://www.colorado.edu/odh>.

    Academic Integrity (Honor Code)

    All students of the University of Colorado at Boulder are responsible for knowing and adhering to the academic integrity policy of this institution.  Violations of this policy may include: cheating, plagiarism, aid of academic dishonesty, fabrication, lying, bribery, and threatening behavior.  All incidents of academic misconduct shall be reported to the Honor Code Council (honor@colorado.edu; 303-725-2273).  Students who are found to be in violation of the academic integrity policy will be subject to both academic sanctions from the faculty member and non-academic sanctions (including but not limited to university probation, suspension, or expulsion).  Additional information on the Honor Code can be found at <http://www.colorado.edu/policies/honor.html> and at <http://www.colorado.edu/academics/honorcode/>.

    Students should note that their work may be evaluated through TurnItIn.com, a plagiarism service provided to all faculty at CU-Boulder; and that this service retains a copy of the submitted work for future comparisons.

    Accommodation for Religious Obligations

    Campus policy regarding religious observances requires that faculty make every effort to reasonably and fairly deal with all students who, because of religious obligations, have conflicts with scheduled exams, assignments or required attendance.  In this class, please notify me of anticipated conflicts before the start of the course or as early as possible so that there is adequate time to make necessary arrangements.  See policy details at <http://www.colorado.edu/policies/fac_relig.html>.

    Course Description | Course Specifics | Instructor's Goals
     Words from Last Year's Students| Health Matters | Required Personal Equipment | Syllabus

    DETAILED WEEKLY SCHEDULES AND  READINGS - WEEK 1 | WEEK2 | WEEK 3 | WEEK 4 | WEEK 5

    Course CD and website including all internal links © 2008 T. Kittel.  All rights reserved.  All copyrighted material on this CD and website is made available for limited educational use only (commerical use strictly prohibited).
    Photographs property of sources as credited.  Unless otherwise noted, photos courtesy of http://instaar.colorado.edu/research/mrs.html, http://www.colorado.edu/mrs/, and http://culter.colorado.edu/Niwot/Niwot_Ridge_LTER_vegetation.html (some of these sourced from: Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture webpage http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/mammalogy/orders.html)

    Please email website problems to:   kittel@colorado.edu
    this page URL: http://culter.colorado.edu/~kittel/WinterEcology.html
    Page updated: 11 Nov  09