\log
The initial iteration of the documentation section of this file was
generated by Mark Losleben and Rick Ingersoll in mid-January 1995.
The data through 26 December 1994 were appended to the data section
and the file was put under sccs control on 27 February 1995.[RCI
27 February 1995] Data for January and February 1995 were appended
to the data section on 6 March 1995.[RCI 6 March 1995] A comment
regarding different units for raw measurements vs. calculated means
on 15 March 1995.[RCI 15 March 1995] Data for March 1995 were appended
to the data section on 14 April 1995.[RCI 14 April 1995] Data for April
1995 were appended to the data section on 9 May 1995.[RCI 9 May 1995]
Data for 22 May 1995 were appended to the data section on 30 May 1995.
[RCI 30 May 1995] Data for 30 May 1995 were appended to the data
section on 6 June 1995.[RCI 6 June 1995] Data for 13 June 1995 were
appended to the data section on 16 June 1995.[RCI 16 June 1995] The
location section, which heretofore had been absent, was added on 9
February 1996. Data for 26 December 1995 and 25 January 1996 were
appended to the data section on 9 February 1996.[MAH 9 February 1996]
Data for 26 February 1996 were appended to the data section on
6 March 1996.[MAH 6 March 1996] Data for 29 March 1996 were appended
to the data section on 9 April 1996.[MAH 9 April 1996] Data for 29
April 1996 and 15 May 1996 were appended to the data section on 29
May 1996.[MAH 29 May 1996] Data for 31 December 1996, 30 January
1997, 28 February 1997, and 31 March 1997 were appended to the data
section on 7 May 1997.[MAH 7 May 1997] Data for 30 April and 25 May
1997 were appended to the data section on 9 June 1997.[MAH 9 June 1997]
Comments regarding a new scale as well as observations made on 30
May 1997 and 2 June 1997 were added to the comments section on 26
June 1997.[MAH 26 June 1997] Data for 30 November 1997 and 25 December
1997 were appended to the data section on 14 January 1998.[MAH 14 January
1998] Data for 28 January 1998 were appended to the data section on 16
February 1998.[MAH 16 February 1998] Data for 27 February 1998 were
appended to the data section on 24 March 1998.[MAH 24 March 1998] Data
for 30 March 1998 were appended to the data section on 9 April 1998.[MAH
9 April 1998] Data for 16 April were appended to the data section on
7 May 1998.[MAH 7 May 1998] Data for 29 April 1998 and 15 May 1998
were appended to the data section on 12 June 1998.[MAH 12 June 1998]
Data for 31 December 1998 and 29 January 1999 were appended to the data
section on 26 February 1999. Comments for 2 June 1998 and 1 December 1998
were appended to the comments section on that date as well.[MAH 26
February 1999] Data for 17 February 1999 were appended to the data section
on 25 March 1999.[MAH 25 March 1999] Data for 15 May 1999, 31 December 1999,
31 January 2000, 29 February 2000, 31 March 2000, and 1 May 2000 were
appended to the data section on 16 August 2000.[MAH 16 August 2000]
Data for 31 March 1999 were inserted into the data section on 21 September
2000.[MAH 21 Septeber 2000] Data for 30 April 1999 inserted into data
section on 1 Feb 2001.[TMA 1 February 2001] Data for 31 Jan 2001 appended
to the data section on 5 Feb 2001.[TMA 5 February 2001] Data for February,
March, and April 2001 were appended to the data section on 30 July 2001.[TMA
30 July 2001] Data for 1 January 2002 were appended to the data section on
12 February 2002.[TMA 12 February 2002] Data for 31 January 2002 and 1 March
2002 were appended to the data section on 25 March 2002.[TMA 25 March 2002]
Data for 29 March and 30 April 2002 were appended to the data section on 25
September 2002.[TMA 25 September 2002] Data for 31 December 2002 to 27 February
2003 were appended to the data section.[TMA 25 March 2003] Data for 30 March
through 29 December 2003 were appended to the data section.[TMA 6 February
2004] Data for January 2004 through May 2004 were appended to the data
section.[TMA 19 January 2005] Data for December 2004 through March 2005 were
appended to the data section.[TMA 20 May 2005] Data for April 2005 through
March 2006 were appended to the data section.[TMA 20 March 2007] Data for
November 2006 through March 2007 were appended to the data section.[TMA
22 May 2007] Appended April, May, December 2007 data to the data section.[TMA
05 June 2008]
\doc
TITLE. C-1 (3018 m) climate station: Snotel data.
ABSTRACT. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) operates hundreds of
Snotel sites throughout the western United States. One of these is on
Niwot Ridge at C-1, located approximately 1.6 km, by road, from the
University of Colorado Mountain Research Station at an approximate
elevation of 3000 meters. The Snotel installations operate on the
principle that the snowpack exerts pressure on liquid-filled stainless
steel "pillows" that rest on the ground. Pressure transducers output a
digital signal that is sent via radio telemetry to one of two receiving
stations. The transducer output is calibrated by measuring snowpack
depth and density on or about the 25th of each month from December
through April. A Mt. Rose snow sampler was used to determine the depth
and density of the snowpack at each of the "pillow's" four corners.
These four values were averaged to determine the monthly snow water
equivalent (SWE) in inches.
INVESTIGATOR. Mark Losleben, INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder,
CO, 80309-0450, (303) 492-8841, markl@culter.colorado.edu.
VARIABLES. snow depth, snow water equivalent.
KEYWORDS. climate, weather, meteorology, Snotel, snow water equivalent, hydrology.
LOCATION. Study site was C-1 (also known as Como and located on the
southeastern flank of Niwot Ridge). Original data are stored at Research
Laboratory #1 and the Mountain Research Station.
TIMING. begin 2 November 1981, ongoing, approximately monthly during
winter.
CITATIONS. none.
COMMENTS. These data were manually entered using an EasyEntry form and
then processed on culter, the NWT LTER workstation. Additional detail
regarding the protocols can be found in "The Management of NWT LTER Data
on the PC" and "The Management of NWT LTER Data on culter".
Additional snow water equivalent data for Niwot Ridge can be found in
http://culter.colorado.edu:1030/exec/.extracttoolA?snowateq.mw
A new scale was used beginning with the 31 December 1997 measurement.
On 30 May 1997, field personnel made the following notation:
There is still snow at C1. The northern two corners are melted out,
the snow depth at the southeast corner is 55 cm, and the Snotel
homepage (http://wrcc.sage.dri.edu/index.html) reports 6.1 inches
of telemetered snow water equivalence at this site today (200%).
On 2 June 1997, field personnel made the following notation:
The nothern half of the Snotel pillow rectangle was snow-free, and
the NE corner depth was 30 cm (deepest corner depth). The Snotel
telemetered snow water equivalent, via their homepage
(http://wrcc.sage.dri.edu/index.html), was 1.5 inches (94%).
Field personnel reported that the Snotel site was 100% snowfree
on 2 June 1998.
Field personnel reported that 1 December 1998 there was 20 cm snow
depth measured at the Snotel site, and the Snotel web page showed
1.1" SWE, for 37% average.
Note: Snow depths and water contents were recorded in inches. The
calculated means for those 2 variables are in centimeters.
\type
statistical.
\header
COL1. label=date (dd/mm/yy), type=string, units=none,
missing value indicator=absence of value, minimum=02/11/81,
maximum=, precision=1
COL2. label=snow depth at pillow corner 1, type=real, units=inches,
missing value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL3. label=snow depth at pillow corner 2, type=real, units=inches,
missing value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL4. label=snow depth at pillow corner 3, type=real, units=inches,
missing value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL5. label=snow depth at pillow corner 4, type=real, units=inches,
missing value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL6. label=mean snow depth for pillow, type=real, units=cm, missing
value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL7. label=water content at pillow corner 1, type=real, units=inches,
missing value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL8.label=water content at pillow corner 2, type=real, units=inches,
missing value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL9. label=water content at pillow corner 3, type=real, units=inches,
missing value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL10. label=water content at pillow corner 4, type=real, units=inches,
missing value indicator=, minimum=0, maximum=, precision=
COL11. label=snow water equivalent for pillow, type=real, units=cm,
missing value indicator=absence of value, minimum=, maximum=,
precision=
{*********************************************************************
If the data section below contains no data then you will need to
obtain permission from the investigator listed in the documentation
section of this file. If you have obtained permission or if the data
are already contained in this file, include the following
acknowledgment (in addition to an acknowledgment of the investigator)
in any published use of these data: "Logistical support
and/or data were provided by the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological
Research project (NSF DEB 0423662) and the Mountain Research Station
(BIR 9115097)." Please send 4 reprints or high-quality copies of any
such publications to Todd Ackerman, NWT LTER data manager,
INSTAAR, CB 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450.
The data contained in these files have many sources. Generally,
data collected prior to 1993 would have been subjected to quality
control standards imposed by the investigator. Data after 1992
were likely to have been manually entered and/or processed in the
NWT LTER central data management laboratory. Detailed information
on the quality control protocols and programs associated with any
data routed through the NWT LTER data management laboratory will
be supplied upon request. The user of these data should be aware
that, while efforts have been taken to ensure that these data are
of the highest quality, there is no guarantee of perfection for
the data contained herein and the possibility of errors exists.
If you encounter questionable data, please contact the NWT LTER
data manager (todda@culter.colorado.edu; (303) 492-4771) so that
the data can be corrected or qualified. Thus, these data should
be considered dynamic in that past data may be modified and future
data will be appended.
******************************************************************}
\data
02/11/81,1,1,4.5,6.5,8.26,0,0,0,0.5,0.32
28/12/81,24,16,22,26.5,56.2,5,3,5,6,12.06
28/01/82,35.25,26,35.75,41.75,88.11,11,7.5,11.5,12,26.67
03/02/82,39.5,37,43.5,43.5,103.82,12,10,12,13,29.84
01/03/82,35,33,39,40.5,93.66,12,10,12,13,29.84
30/03/82,42,39,49,50.5,114.62,15,14,16,17,39.37
27/04/82,32.5,28,44,47.5,96.52,12,10.5,17.5,19.5,37.78
17/05/82,23,16,43,43.5,79.69,9,5,17,17,30.48
12/12/82,20,20.5,17,17,47.31,4,4,3,3.5,9.21
27/02/83,19,25,28,21,59.05,4,5,6,4,12.06
29/03/83,48.5,46.5,50.5,52,125.41,13,8,9,11,26.04
27/04/83,42,40.5,47.5,49.5,113.98,15,14,16.5,17,39.69
30/05/83,21,21,35,41,74.93,9,8,14,16,29.84
28/12/83,47,47,48,48.5,120.97,13,12,13,12.5,32.07
27/01/84,40.5,39,41.5,42.5,103.82,14,10,14,15,33.66
27/02/84,50.5,49.5,52.5,53.5,130.81,14,14,16,16,38.1
26/03/84,58,57,61.5,62.5,151.77,17.5,18,20,20,47.94
26/04/84,62,58.5,69.5,71,165.74,20,18,22,23,52.7
26/12/84,22,23,20,18,52.7,5,3,3,4,9.53
28/01/85,29,28,28,26,70.48,7,6,6,6,15.88
25/02/85,37,35.5,40,40,96.84,8,8,9,9,21.59
25/03/85,34.5,32,36.5,38,89.53,10,9,11,11,26.04
25/04/85,25,21,35.5,37.5,75.56,7,6,10,12,22.23
24/12/85,23.5,22.5,23.5,26.5,60.96,6,6,6,8,16.51
24/01/86,28,26.5,26.5,30,70.48,7,7,7,9,19.05
24/02/86,52,49,50.5,55.5,131.44,14,13,14,15,35.56
26/03/86,45,42.5,47.5,47,115.57,15.5,15,16,15,39.05
28/04/86,37.5,33,43.5,42,99.06,18,15,19,18,44.45
29/12/86,22,19.5,22,24.5,55.88,6,5,7,7,15.88
26/01/87,36.5,33.5,35.5,37.5,90.81,9,8,8.5,9.5,22.23
24/02/87,45.5,43,46.5,48,116.2,10,11,12,12,28.57
25/03/87,46,55,43,39,116.2,14,16,12,9,32.38
27/04/87,28.5,25,34.5,38,80.01,11,7,13,14,28.57
29/12/87,28.5,25.5,27.5,29,70.17,6,6,7,7,16.51
25/01/88,35,33,34.5,35.5,87.63,9,8.5,9.5,9.5,23.18
27/02/88,36.5,34.5,38.5,40,94.93,11.5,11.5,13,13.5,31.43
24/03/88,49.5,46.5,50.5,51,125.41,15.5,14.5,16,17,40.01
27/04/88,38,33.5,39.5,41,96.52,14,12,14,18,36.83
26/12/88,25.5,24.5,25.5,26.5,64.77,5,5,6,6,13.97
26/01/89,28.5,27,29,29.75,72.55,7.5,7,8,8,19.37
22/02/89,39.5,38,39.5,41.5,100.65,11,11,11,11,27.94
27/03/89,29.7,28.3,32.2,34.2,78.99,10,9,11,11,26.04
25/04/89,11,8,18,20.5,36.51,4.5,2.5,7.5,8,14.29
21/12/89,26,24,27,29,67.31,6,6,7,7,16.51
29/01/90,34.5,31,35,37,87.31,9,7,10,11,23.5
26/02/90,35.5,32,37,39,91.12,11,10,11,11,27.3
27/03/90,46.25,43,49,51,120.17,15,15,17.5,17,40.96
30/04/90,45.5,41,48.5,50,117.48,16,15,18,17,41.91
28/12/90,13.75,13.75,14,15,35.88,3,3,3,3,7.62
28/01/91,23.5,22.5,23,25,59.69,5,5,5,5,12.7
28/02/91,28,26.25,25,29,68.74,7,6.5,7,8,18.1
26/03/91,32,29,32,35,81.28,10,8,9.5,10,23.81
26/04/91,28,24,30,33,73.03,10,9,10,11,25.4
26/12/91,21,19,19,20.25,50.32,6,5,5,5.5,13.65
29/01/92,28,24,25,21,62.23,8,7,6,6,17.14
26/02/92,37,35,33,30,85.72,10,9,8,7,21.59
27/03/92,40,45,44,40,107.31,12,14,13,10,31.12
26/04/92,29,32,29,23,71.75,10,13,10,8,26.04
27/12/92,21,20.4,21.5,21.5,53.59,6,5,6,6,14.61
25/01/93,29,26,29,29.5,72.07,6,7,7,7,17.14
01/03/93,39,37.5,38.5,40,98.42,10.5,10,11,11.5,27.3
31/03/93,54,52,54,57,137.8,15,99.99,12,13,88.89
17/04/93,55,52,56,58,140.34,17,15,17,18,42.55
30/12/93,27.5,24.5,26.5,28.5,67.95,7.5,6,7.5,7.5,18.1
26/01/94,33.5,28.75,32.5,34.5,82.07,9,8,9.5,9.75,23.02
25/02/94,48,40.5,44,45.5,113.03,12,11,13,13,31.12
25/03/94,46,41.5,47,50.5,117.48,14,11,13,15,33.66
29/04/94,42,35,47,46,107.95,14.75,11,13,14.25,33.66
03/05/94,36,33,43,43.5,98.74,14,13.5,18,18,40.32
18/05/94,0,0,14,14,17.78,0,0,4,6,6.35
26/12/94,10.5,7.5,9.25,11,24.29,3,2,2.5,3,6.67
24/01/95,16,14.5,15,18.5,40.64,4.2,3,4,4.5,9.97
27/02/95,28,24.5,25.5,29.5,68.26,7,6,7,8,17.78
28/03/95,37.5,35,39,44,98.74,25.3,25.7,25.6,27.3,65.98
27/04/95,61,59,69,70,164.47,16,15,18,18,42.55
22/05/95,39,36,48,48.5,108.9,15,14,19,20,43.18
30/05/95,48.5,48,53.5,55.5,130.49,18,16,23,22,50.16
13/06/95,25.5,22.75,31.5,38,74.77,10,9.5,14,16,31.43
26/12/95,29,25.5,27,28.5,69.85,8,6.5,7.5,8,19.05
25/01/96,50.5,47,48,51,124.78,12,11.5,12,12.5,30.48
26/02/96,58.5,53,56,57,142.56,17.5,17,17.5,18,44.45
29/03/96,57,53.5,59.5,62,147.32,21.5,18,20,22,51.75
29/04/96,44.5,40.5,50.5,52,119.06,17,13.5,21.5,23,47.62
15/05/96,13,0,21,22.5,35.88,6,0,9.5,9,15.56
31/12/96,33,29,32,32.5,80.33,9,8,9,9,22.23
30/01/97,46,43,44.5,46.5,114.30,12.5,11.5,12.5,14,32.07
28/02/97,54.5,51.5,54.5,55,136.84,15,14,15.5,16,38.42
31/03/97,38,34.5,43,43.5,100.97,14.5,14,14,16,37.15
30/04/97,68,63.5,71.5,76.5,177.48,18.5,19,22,22,51.75
15/05/97,40,34.5,45.5,50,107.95,17,15.5,19.5,20,45.72
30/11/97,21.5,18,18,19,48.58,5.5,6,5.5,5.5,14.29
25/12/97,28.25,26.5,26.5,28,69.37,8,6.25,6.25,7.75,17.94
28/01/98,35.5,33,35,37.75,89.69,9.5,8.5,9.5,12.5,25.40
27/02/98,38.25,36.25,37.5,39,95.89,10,10,10,10.5,25.72
30/03/98,39.5,35,42,45.5,102.87,13.5,11,13.5,13.5,32.70
16/04/98,54,50,58.5,61,141.92,16,13.5,16.25,16.25,39.37
29/04/98,53,47,56.5,58,136.21,17.5,15.5,17.5,18.5,43.81
15/05/98,33.5,25.5,27,39,79.38,12.5,10.5,14,14.5,32.70
31/12/98,17,15.5,16,17.5,41.91,3,3,3.5,3.5,8.26
29/01/99,29.5,28,28.5,31,74.30,6.5,6,6.5,7.5,16.83
27/02/99,31.5,29,31,33,79.06,8.5,7.5,8.5,9,21.27
31/03/99,23,20,28.5,29.5,64.14,8.5,7.5,10,10.5,23.18
30/04/99,40.5,39,48.5,50.5,113.35,12.5,12.5,15.5,16,35.88
15/05/99,33,27.5,38.5,42,89.53,13.5,12.5,14.5,16.5,36.20
31/12/99,14.5,14,14.25,14.25,36.20,3.5,3.5,3.5,3.5,8.89
31/01/00,32,31,29.75,31.5,78.90,7.5,7.5,7.5,7.5,19.05
29/02/00,36,35.5,36,37,91.76,10.5,10.5,10.5,11,26.99
31/03/00,51,49.5,52,54.5,131.44,12,12.25,12.5,12.75,31.43
01/05/00,22.5,18.5,24.5,27.5,59.05,8,5.5,7,10,19.37
31/01/01,22,20,19.5,21,52.39,6.5,6,4.5,4.5,13.65
28/02/01,29,26,26,27.5,68.90,8.5,7,6,7,18.10
30/03/01,40,38.5,38.75,42.5,101.44,11,8.5,9.5,11,25.40
30/04/01,25.5,24,27.5,30.5,68.26,9.5,7,10,10,23.18
01/01/02,15,14,13,14.5,35.88,3,2.5,2,3,6.67
31/01/02,23.5,24.5,21.5,22.5,58.42,4.5,4,4,4.5,10.79
01/03/02,31.5,29.5,29.5,31,77.15,6.5,6,5.75,6.5,15.72
29/03/02,26.5,26.25,28,30,70.33,7.25,7.5,7.5,8,19.21
30/04/02,0,0,0,0,0.00,0,0,0,0,0.00
31/12/02,17,16,16,17.5,42.23,4.25,3.75,3.75,4.25,10.16
31/01/03,22.5,20,20,22,53.66,5.5,5,5,5.5,13.34
27/02/03,40,37,37.5,39.5,97.79,8.5,8,8.5,9,21.59
30/03/03,62,59,63,67,159.38,16.5,16.5,17,17,42.55
28/04/03,40,34.5,40,44,100.65,14.5,13.5,14,15.5,36.51
15/05/03,29.5,24,32,34,75.88,9.75,9.5,13,13.5,29.05
29/12/03,16,15.5,14,14.5,38.10,3,3,2.5,2.5,6.99
30/01/04,22.5,21,20.5,21,53.98,5,5,4.5,4.75,12.22
29/02/04,33.5,32,32,33,82.87,8.5,8,7,7.5,19.68
31/03/04,19.5,16,22,25,52.39,8.5,6.5,8.5,8,20.00
30/04/04,29.5,25.5,31,36.5,77.79,10.5,9,10,11,25.72
14/05/04,13,8.5,19,22.5,40.01,3.5,0.5,4.5,6.25,9.37
31/12/04,22,21.5,20.5,22.5,54.93,5,5,4.5,5,12.38
31/01/05,44,43.5,43.5,44.5,111.44,7.7,7.5,7.7,7.9,19.56
28/02/05,35,34,34,35,87.63,9.5,9.5,9.5,9.5,24.13
31/03/05,40,39,39.5,41.5,101.60,11.5,11.5,11.5,12,29.53
30/04/05,47,46,50,53.5,124.78,12.5,12,13.5,13.5,32.70
15/05/05,29,28,33.5,36,80.33,11.5,11.5,12.5,13.5,31.12
30/12/05,24.5,24,24,26.5,62.87,5.5,5.5,5.5,6,14.29
31/01/06,32,32,32,33.5,82.23,8,8.5,8,9,21.27
28/02/06,32,31,32.5,35.5,83.19,9.5,8.5,9.5,10.5,24.13
31/03/06,39,99.99,44.5,46,145.73,12.5,13.5,13,14,33.66
30/11/06,25,21,22.75,24,58.90,24.25,18,19.75,22.75,53.82
31/01/07,43.5,40.5,43.5,44.5,109.22,41.5,33,35,33.5,90.81
28/02/07,51.5,48.5,51,52,128.91,44,45,40,47,111.76
31/03/07,40.5,38.5,46.5,50,111.44,35,35,39.75,44,97.63
30/04/07,38,32.2,40.75,44,98.39,16.5,14.5,17.5,18.5,42.55
23/05/07,17,5,16.5,21,37.78,10,1.5,6.5,8.5,16.83
02/01/08,21.7,22.5,23,23,57.28,5,5.8,5.5,5.5,13.84